What Are the Different Types of Dunnage?

Dunnage is an essential part of the shipping and logistics industry, used to secure and protect cargo during transport. It refers to any materials or objects placed between or around shipments to prevent damage, movement, or shifting during transit. The right type of dunnage can ensure that your goods reach their destination safely and in optimal condition. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss everything you need to know about dunnage, including its definition, types, materials, advantages, and best practices.

Understanding the Importance of Dunnage in Shipping & Logistics

Dunnage plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe transportation of goods across short or long distances. Without proper dunnage, the goods may shift and collide during transit, causing damage, breakage, or even loss. This can result in financial losses, liability issues, customer dissatisfaction, and reputational damage for the shipping company. Therefore, it is important to understand the different types of dunnage available and choose the right one based on the specific size, weight, shape, fragility, and mode of transportation of your cargo.

Some common types of dunnage include airbags, foam inserts, cardboard dividers, and wooden blocks. Airbags are ideal for filling voids and preventing lateral movement of cargo, while foam inserts are suitable for cushioning fragile items and reducing shock and vibration. Cardboard dividers are useful for separating and organizing smaller items, while wooden blocks are sturdy and can support heavy loads. It is important to consider the environmental impact of the dunnage material as well, and choose eco-friendly options whenever possible.

The Basics of Dunnage: Definition, Function & Types

Dunnage can be defined as any material or object that is used to block, brace, cushion, separate, or fill space between cargo items, thus preventing them from moving, rubbing, or colliding during transit. The function of dunnage is to absorb shocks, vibrations, and impacts caused by the movement of the shipping container or vehicle, as well as to distribute the weight evenly across the container floor or pallet. The common types of dunnage include blocking, bracing, cushioning, and void-filling materials.

It is important to choose the right type of dunnage for your cargo, as using the wrong type can lead to damage or loss of goods during transit. For example, blocking and bracing materials are ideal for heavy cargo that needs to be secured in place, while cushioning materials are better suited for fragile items that require protection from impacts. Void-filling materials, on the other hand, are used to fill empty spaces in the container or pallet, preventing the cargo from shifting during transit. By selecting the appropriate dunnage for your cargo, you can ensure that your goods arrive at their destination safely and in good condition.

A Comprehensive Guide to Types of Dunnage Materials: Wood, Plastic, Paper, and More

Different types of dunnage materials are suitable for different types of cargo and transportation environments. The most common dunnage materials are wood, plastic, paper, foam, airbags, and inflatable systems. Wooden dunnage, such as lumber, plywood, and pallets, are preferred for heavy and bulky items that require strong support and stability. Plastic dunnage, such as crates, trays, and stretch films, provide moisture resistance and flexibility for odd-shaped items. Paper dunnage, such as corrugated cardboard and kraft paper, provide cushioning and protection for fragile items. Foam dunnage, such as polyurethane and polystyrene foams, provide shock absorption and vibration damping for delicate items. Airbags and inflatable systems, such as polyethylene or vinyl bags, provide void-filling and load leveling for irregular or variable shipments.

It is important to note that the choice of dunnage material also depends on the mode of transportation. For example, wooden dunnage may not be suitable for air transportation due to weight restrictions, while foam dunnage may not be suitable for sea transportation due to water absorption. Additionally, some dunnage materials may require special treatment or certification for international shipments, such as heat treatment for wooden dunnage to prevent the spread of pests. Therefore, it is crucial to consider all factors when selecting the appropriate dunnage material for your cargo.

How to Choose the Right Type of Dunnage for Your Shipping Needs?

Choosing the right type of dunnage for your shipment depends on several factors, such as the type of cargo, the mode of transportation, the duration and distance of the shipment, the weight and dimensions of the cargo, and the environmental conditions. Most shipping companies provide guidelines and regulations regarding the use of dunnage, such as the International Safe Transit Association’s (ISTA) Testing Protocols, and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for hazardous materials. It is also important to consider the cost, availability, and sustainability of the dunnage materials.

Another important factor to consider when choosing dunnage is the fragility of the cargo. Fragile items such as glassware or electronics require more cushioning and protection during transportation. In this case, materials such as foam or airbags may be more suitable than wood or cardboard.

It is also important to consider the destination of the shipment. If the cargo is being shipped to a location with extreme temperatures or humidity, it may be necessary to choose dunnage materials that can withstand these conditions. For example, plastic or metal dunnage may be more suitable for shipments to tropical climates, while wood may be more suitable for colder climates.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Dunnage Materials

Each type of dunnage material has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific requirements of your shipment and the overall logistics strategy. For example, wooden dunnage is strong and durable but may increase the weight and cost of the shipment, and may not be environmentally friendly. Plastic dunnage is lightweight and moisture-resistant but may not have enough shock absorption and may pose the risk of puncture or tear. Paper dunnage is affordable and biodegradable but may not withstand heavy impact and moisture. Foam dunnage is effective in cushioning and vibration damping but may be costly and bulky. Airbags and inflatable systems are versatile and adjustable but may not fit all types of shipments.

Another type of dunnage material that is gaining popularity is corrugated cardboard. It is lightweight, easy to handle, and can be customized to fit the specific dimensions of the shipment. However, it may not be as strong as other materials and may not provide enough protection for heavy or fragile items.

In addition to the material itself, the design and placement of dunnage can also impact its effectiveness. For example, using a combination of materials, such as foam and airbags, can provide optimal cushioning and shock absorption. Proper placement of dunnage can also prevent shifting and damage during transit.

Best Practices for Using Dunnage to Secure Your Cargo During Transport

Using dunnage effectively requires proper planning, placement, and inspection. First, you need to identify the most vulnerable areas of your shipment and choose the suitable dunnage material or combination. Then, you need to strategically block, brace, cushion, or fill the voids between the items, ensuring that they do not move or shift. You also need to ensure that the dunnage does not protrude or interfere with the door or the ventilation system of the container. Finally, you need to inspect the dunnage regularly during transit and adjust it if necessary.

Another important aspect of using dunnage is to consider the weight and size of the cargo. If the cargo is heavy, you may need to use stronger and thicker dunnage materials to provide adequate support. Similarly, if the cargo is fragile or has irregular shapes, you may need to use customized dunnage solutions to ensure that it is properly secured and protected.

It is also essential to train your staff on the proper use of dunnage and provide them with the necessary equipment and tools. This includes using appropriate fasteners, straps, and adhesives to secure the dunnage and cargo. Additionally, you should have a contingency plan in place in case of unexpected events, such as severe weather or accidents, that may affect the stability of the cargo and the dunnage.

How to Store and Dispose of Dunnage Properly?

Storing and disposing of the dunnage materials properly is essential for maintaining the cleanliness and safety of the shipping container or facility, as well as for the environment. Wooden dunnage should be stored in dry and ventilated areas and disposed of according to local regulations for wood waste. Plastic dunnage should be recycled or disposed of in designated plastic waste streams. Paper dunnage should be recycled or disposed of in compost or paper waste streams. Foam dunnage should be recycled or disposed of in designated plastic waste streams. Airbags and inflatable systems should be deflated and disposed of in plastic waste streams.

It is important to note that some dunnage materials may require special handling or disposal procedures. For example, if the dunnage has been in contact with hazardous materials, it may need to be disposed of as hazardous waste. Additionally, some types of dunnage, such as metal or glass, may be able to be reused or repurposed instead of being disposed of.

Proper storage and disposal of dunnage can also have financial benefits for businesses. By recycling or repurposing dunnage materials, companies can reduce their waste disposal costs and potentially even generate revenue from selling recycled materials. Additionally, properly stored dunnage can help prevent damage to products during shipping, reducing the need for costly replacements or repairs.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using Dunnage for Shipping

There are several common mistakes that shippers and logistics providers should avoid when using dunnage for shipping. These include underestimating the amount of dunnage needed, using the wrong type or size of dunnage, using damaged or expired dunnage, not inspecting and adjusting the dunnage regularly, overloading or underloading the shipment, placing dunnage too close to the door or the walls of the container, and not following the regulations and guidelines of the shipping company and the transport authorities.

Innovations in Dunnage: New Materials and Technologies

The field of dunnage is constantly evolving, with new materials and technologies being developed and tested for better performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. For example, some companies are experimenting with biodegradable or compostable dunnage materials made from cornstarch, sugar cane, or mushroom fibers. Others are adopting smart dunnage systems that use sensors and algorithms to monitor the status and location of the cargo during transit, and adjust the dunnage accordingly to ensure maximum protection. Some are exploring the use of recycled or upcycled materials for dunnage, such as used tires, plastic bottles, or fishing nets. The future of dunnage is full of possibilities, and it is up to the shipping and logistics industry to embrace innovation and contribute to a more sustainable and efficient supply chain.

In conclusion, dunnage is an essential component of the shipping and logistics industry, providing protection, stability, and efficiency to the transport of goods. By understanding the different types of dunnage materials and their advantages and disadvantages, shippers and logistics providers can choose the right solution for their specific needs and ensure the safe and timely delivery of their cargo. By following the best practices and avoiding the common mistakes in dunnage usage, they can also minimize the risks of damage, liability, and waste, and contribute to a more sustainable and responsible transportation system.